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- November 12, 1928THE PRESIDENCYThe Thirty-First
-
-
-
- Imagine seeing a black cat in front of the house, first
- thing in the morning of the day your husband expects to be
- elected President of the United States!
-
- Mrs. Hoover went out and caught the cat, took it indoors.
- After breakfast, she accompanied her husband to a polling place,
- with their sons and daughter-in-law. They returned to a house
- full of people, sandwiches, chrysanthemums, telegraph tickers and
- commotion, to wait and hear how many millions of citizens were
- voting the way the Hoovers had voted. If Mrs. Hoover thought
- about the black cat during the day, there was another "omen,"
- too. It was not only Mrs. Smith's birthday, but Herbert Hoover
- III's.
-
- Three big blackboards were set up in the living room. As the
- sun sank returns began coming in. The Hoover secretaries darted
- hither and yon with slips of paper, chalk and chalk-erasers, like
- marker boys in a brokerage office. Mr. Hoover worked with them
- for a while, then sat in the front row of chairs, smoking a pipe.
- The buzzing crush of people seemed to bother him. He went into
- his study. Telephone calls were incessant. He discouraged
- premature congratulations, wandering between living room and
- study.
-
- On the blackboards, positive claims were made with caution.
- At 7:15 p.m. Pacific time, about the moment that Executive Editor
- Swope of the arch-Democratic New York World was handing a yellow
- slip to a reporter, conceding the election, the Hoover quotation
- at Palo Alto was only 206 electoral votes. The total popular vote
- was even at three million for each nominee.
-
- Fifteen minutes later, Palo Alto quoted 251 electoral votes.
- With great care, they had added New York's 45. Not until 8:43
- p.m. (11:43 Eastern time) did they chalk up Tennessee, Wisconsin
- and Iowa for a total of 289.
-
- Seven minutes later, in Washington, the thirtieth President
- of the U.S., who had been reading telegraph returns alone in his
- study, went to bed. The thirty-first President was elected.
-
- The buzzing in the Palo Alto living room became a loud
- caucus of triumph. John Philip Sousa's band blared its best. The
- President-elect was sitting down at the moment. He did not get up
- at once but sat, eyes downcast, embarrassed, rubbing his forehead
- with his fingertips. They wanted a speech. "Not tonight," he
- said. Outside the house, a phalanx of Stanford University
- undergraduates yelled persistently. The President-elect
- reluctantly took his way to the terraced roof of his house, under
- the California stars. Tears glistened on his cheeks as he looked
- down on that fragment of the electorate. He said: "I thank you
- all for coming up here tonight. I appreciate it from the bottom
- of my heart."
-
- Full Measure. Reasons omitted, the Hoover victory loomed as
- one to which Republicans would be able to point with effective
- pride for several political generations. Against the most
- formidable Democrat since Wilson, Hoover had won the most
- overwhelming majority since Grant smothered Tammany's Seymour
- (1868). It was the greatest electoral majority ever - -444 to 87.
- The Harding land-slide of 1920 was considered remarkable when it
- chipped Tennessee and Oklahoma off the Solid South. The Hoover
- avalanche included both these States and also swept away the
- Democracy's corner anchors, old Virginia and North Carolina,
- fruitful Florida, vast Texas. The Hoover-Smith ratio of popular
- votes, 17 to 12, was smaller than the Harding-Cox (16 to 9) or
- the Coolidge-Davis-LaFollette (15 to 8 to 5) but the electoral
- margin was such as to suggest that unless issues develop to split
- the Republican Party within itself during the next four years,
- the re-election of 1932 might as well be a perfunctory one-party
- affair, to save public bother and private expense. With a
- Republican Congress, an efficient nationwide party organization,
- good times and peaceful problems to start his record on, Herbert
- Hoover appeared to have the U.S. more completely in the hollow of
- his hand than any President since Roosevelt.
-
- Reasons. Politics is the art of speaking convincingly on
- selected topics. The reasons they advanced why Hoover should be
- elected were the reasons Republicans stressed, in public, to
- explain why he was elected. Democrats to the contrary not
- withstanding, the Republican explanations were:
-
- Prosperity -- It rests on confidence in the Government.
- Change shakes confidence, if only temporarily. Why change? The
- people chose not to change because they felt prosperous.
-
- Morality -- Trustworthy man though Governor Smith may be, the
- people trusted Herbert Hoover more deeply, considered him the
- finer type.
-
- Ability -- Able man though Governor Smith may be, the people
- considered Herbert Hoover an abler, on his record as a national
- executive, to meet the country's problems of Farm Relief,
- Waterways, Cooperation with Business, the Tariff.
-
- Prohibition -- Here a split. Wet Republicans insisted that
- they hoped to see "the experiment noble in motive" worked out
- "constructively" by Hoover and that "constructively" would mean
- "liberally," i.e., modification. Dry Republicans approved the
- words of Superintendent Francis Scott McBride of the Anti-Saloon
- League of America, whose election proclamation was:
-
- ". . .A thorough vindication of the Anti-Saloon League,
- which was bitterly attacked by Gov. Smith throughout the
- campaign.
-
- "In other countries throughout the world, Hoover's election
- will be accepted as proof that Prohibition is to continue as the
- permanent policy of America in dealing with the liquor traffic.
-
- "With a President committed to the support of the eighteenth
- amendment and the Volstead act, a dry Congress and the dry public
- sentiment demonstrated in this election, the way is open for
- increasingly effective prohibition enforcement."
-
- Electoral Votes
-
- The South
- Hoover Smith
- Alabama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 12
- Arkansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 9
- Florida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 0
- Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 14
- Louisiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 10
- Mississippi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 10
- No. Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 0
- So. Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 9
- Texas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 0
- Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 0
- ____ ____
- Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 64
-
- The West
-
- Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 0
- California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 0
- Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 0
- Idaho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 0
- Montana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 0
- Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 0
- New Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 0
- Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 0
- Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 0
- Washington . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 0
- Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 0
- _____ ______
- Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 0
-
- The Border
-
- Delaware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 0
- Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 0
- West Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 0
- Kentucky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 0
- Tennessee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 0
- Missouri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 0
- Oklahoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 0
- ______ ______
- Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 0
-
- The East
-
- Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 0
- New Hampshire . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 0
- Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 0
- Massachusetts . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 18
- Rhode Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 5
- Connecticut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 0
- New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 0
- New Jersey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 0
- Pennsylvania . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 0
- ______ _______
- Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 23
-
- The Midwest
-
- Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 0
- Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 0
- Michigan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 0
- Illinois . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 0
- Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 0
- Wisconsin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 0
- Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 0
- North Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 0
- South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 0
- Nebraska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 0
- Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 0
- ----- ----
- Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 0
-
- Hoover Smith
- South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 64
- West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 0
- Border . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 0
- East . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 23
- Midwest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 0
- ------ -----
- Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444 87
-